Female behavior drives the formation of distinct social structures in C57BL/6J versus wild-derived outbred mice in field enclosures.

BACKGROUND: Social behavior and social organization have major influences on individual health and fitness. Yet, biomedical research focuses on studying a few genotypes under impoverished social conditions. Understanding how lab conditions have modified social organizations of model organisms, such as lab mice, relative to natural populations is a missing link between socioecology and biomedical science. RESULTS: Using a common garden design, we describe the formation of social structure in the well-studied laboratory mouse strain, C57BL/6J, in replicated mixed-sex populations over 10-day trials compared to control trials with wild-derived outbred house mice in outdoor field enclosures. We focus on three key features of mouse social systems: (i) territory establishment in males, (ii) female social relationships, and (iii) the social networks formed by the populations. Male territorial behaviors were similar but muted in C57 compared to wild-derived mice. Female C57 sharply differed from wild-derived females, showing little social bias toward cage mates and exploring substantially more of the enclosures compared to all other groups. Female behavior consistently generated denser social networks in C57 than in wild-derived mice. CONCLUSIONS: C57 and wild-derived mice individually vary in their social and spatial behaviors which scale to shape overall social organization. The repeatable societies formed under field conditions highlights opportunities to experimentally study the interplay between society and individual biology using model organisms.

Camera traps unveil demography, social structure, and home range of six unhabituated Western chimpanzee groups in the Moyen Bafing National Park, Guinea.

Precise estimates of population dynamics and social grouping patterns are required for effective conservation of wild animal populations. It is difficult to obtain such information on non-human great apes as they have slow reproductive rates. To gain a better understanding of demography in these populations, previous research has typically involved habituation\, a process that requires years. Here, we collected data continuously over year-long periods to monitor an unhabituated population of critically endangered Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Moyen Bafing National Park, Guinea. We used two arrays of 100 camera traps that were placed opportunistically in two distinct 100 km2 sites, named Bakoun and Koukoutamba. We identified 227 individuals in Bakoun and 207 in Koukoutamba through their unique facial features. Our camera trap data make clear that these individuals belong to six and seven closed groups, respectively. Six of those groups were near-completely sampled with an average minimum size of 46.8 individuals (range: 37-58), and a mean adult sex ratio of 1.32 (range: 0.93-2.10). We described the demographic composition of these groups and use Bayesian social network analysis to understand population structure. The network analyses suggested that the social bonds within the two populations were structured by sex homophily, with male chimpanzees being more or equally likely to be observed together than other adult associations. Through estimation of minimum convex polygons, we described the minimum home range for those groups. Compared to other chimpanzee groups living in a similar environment (mosaic savanna-forest), the Moyen Bafing region seems to host a high-density of chimpanzees with small home ranges for their group size. Our research highlights the potential of camera traps for studying the demographic composition of chimpanzee populations with high resolution and obtaining crucial information on several groups in a time-efficient and cost-effective way.

Pandemic and Older Adults' Social Structure of Shared Time.

OBJECTIVES: Shared time with family and friends is crucial for older adults' health and well-being. This study examines how a public health crisis affects older adults' social connectedness through their shared time with known persons. METHODS: The study used data from the 2019-2020 American Time Use Survey (N = 9,697) to assess older adults' (aged 50+) social structure of shared time before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Logistic regression and hurdle model with state-fixed effects were used to estimate the relationships between state-level pandemic severity and measures of older adults' shared time while controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: There were small, statistically significant effects of pandemic severity on older adults' shared time. State-level incidence rates and policy stringency indexes were correlated with a lower likelihood of, and a decline in, older adults' shared time in public places and interactions with individuals outside their immediate family. State policy stringency was associated with more shared time in immediate family interactions. Furthermore, pandemic severity was not associated with a decrease in likelihood and older adults' shared time with nonresident immediate family. Policy stringency was more consequential than the incidence rate for older adults' social structure of shared time during the pandemic. DISCUSSION: Results indicate a place-based and role-based restructuring of older adults' daily shared time during the pandemic. Despite small effect sizes, the substantial old age population implies significant changes in shared time and patterns of daily connection at the population level. Theoretical and policy implications of the findings are discussed.

Going local with ancient DNA: A review of human histories from regional perspectives.

Ancient DNA (aDNA) has added a wealth of information about our species' history, including insights on genetic origins, migrations and gene flow, genetic admixture, and health and disease. Much early work has focused on continental-level questions, leaving many regional questions, especially those relevant to the Global South, comparatively underexplored. A few success stories of aDNA studies from smaller laboratories involve more local aspects of human histories and health in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. In this Review, we cover some of these contributions by synthesizing finer-scale questions of importance to the archaeogenetics field, as well as to Indigenous and Descendant communities. We further highlight the potential of aDNA to uncover past histories in regions where colonialism has neglected the oral histories of oppressed peoples.

Variation in local population size predicts social network structure in wild songbirds.

The structure of animal societies is a key determinant of many ecological and evolutionary processes. Yet, we know relatively little about the factors and mechanisms that underpin detailed social structure. Among other factors, social structure can be influenced by habitat configuration. By shaping animal movement decisions, heterogeneity in habitat features, such as vegetation and the availability of resources, can influence the spatiotemporal distribution of individuals and subsequently key socioecological properties such as the local population size and density. Differences in local population size and density can impact opportunities for social associations and may thus drive substantial variation in local social structure. Here, we investigated spatiotemporal variation in population size at 65 distinct locations in a small songbird, the great tit (Parus major) and its effect on social network structure. We first explored the within-location consistency of population size from weekly samples and whether the observed variation in local population size was predicted by the underlying habitat configuration. Next, we created social networks from the birds' foraging associations at each location for each week and examined if local population size affected social structure. We show that population size is highly repeatable within locations across weeks and years and that some of the observed variation in local population size was predicted by the underlying habitat, with locations closer to the forest edge having on average larger population sizes. Furthermore, we show that local population size affected social structure inferred by four global network metrics. Using simple simulations, we then reveal that much of the observed social structure is shaped by social processes. Across different population sizes, the birds' social structure was largely explained by their preference to forage in flocks. In addition, over and above effects of social foraging, social preferences between birds (i.e. social relationships) shaped certain network features such as the extent of realized social connections. Our findings thus suggest that individual social decisions substantially contribute to shaping certain social network features over and above effects of population size alone.

The development of pressure scale toward marriage and fertility in social structure.

In some cultures, giving birth and marriage adds value to women, while being single can cause women to be exposed to social and individual pressures. There are currently no instruments available in the literature for assessing how pressure women feel to be married and have children. This study aimed to develop the Marriage and Fertility Pressure Scale (PSMF) by measuring the marriage and fertility pressure on single women. The study contacted 360 single women via women's health and social groups on social networking sites. Cronbach's alpha values of the marriage pressure and fertility pressure were 0.94 and 0.82, respectively. The factor analysis of the marriage and fertility pressure subscales revealed a six-dimensional structure explaining 59.26 percent and 60.54 percent of the total variance, respectively. In conclusion, this study was important in developing a highly reliable and valid PSMF measurement tool to measure the pressure on women in terms of marriage and fertility. The widespread use of the scale in public health research will increase the sensitivity and awareness of the people about the pressure on single women. Moreover, this scale will contribute to the evaluation of the social and individual pressure differences in the research to be carried out on marriage and childbirth between societies.

Same people, different group: Social structures are a central component of group concepts.

We examine whether people conceptualize organized groups as having at least two parts: In addition to members (e.g., Alice), they also have social structures (i.e., roles and relations). If groups have members and social structures, then numerically distinct groups can have the same members if they differ in their structures. In Studies 1-4, participants numerically distinguished groups that had the same members when they had different structures. Participants numerically distinguished even when groups had the same function-the same people playing chess together Monday and Tuesday can be numerically distinct groups. In Study 4, we compare clubs to tables, and find that participants numerically distinguish tables by their structures too (i.e., the configuration of their parts) even when they have the same parts (which can be disassembled and then reassembled with ease). In Study 5, we find that participants rate groups as existing in space and time like concrete objects, suggesting that participants represent groups as at least partially concrete, such that groups have at least two parts (their structures and their members). Finally, in Study 6, we show that people will judge the same person as exemplary with respect to one group but condemnable with respect to another-even when those groups have the same members.

Parental breeding decisions and genetic quality predict social structure of independent offspring.

Across the animal kingdom, newly independent juveniles form social associations that influence later fitness, mate choice and gene flow, but little is known about the ontogeny of social environments, particularly in wild populations. Here we test whether associations among young animals form randomly or are influenced by environmental or genetic conditions established by parents. Parents' decisions determine natal birth sites, which could affect who independent young initially encounter; secondly, mate choice determines genetic condition (e.g. inbreeding) of young and the parental care they receive, which can affect sociability. However, genetic and environmental factors are confounded unless related offspring experience different natal environments. Therefore, we used a long-term genetic pedigree, breeding records and social network data from three cohorts of a songbird with high extra-pair paternity (hihi, Notiomystis cincta) to disentangle (1) how nest location and relatedness contribute to association structure once juveniles disperse away from birth sites, and (2) if juvenile and/or parental inbreeding predicts individual sociability. We detected positive spatial autocorrelation: hihi that fledged closer by were more likely to associate even after dispersing, irrespective of genetic relatedness. Juvenile inbreeding did not predict sociability, but those raised by more inbred fathers formed more, stronger, associations, which did not depend on whether that male was the genetic parent or not. These results suggest that the natal environment created by parents, rather than focal genetic condition, establishes the foundation for social associations. Overall, we highlight how social inheritance may play an important role in population dynamics and evolutionary potential in wild animals.

Different periods, similar challenges, opposing paths: Exploring the social structure of popular science magazines in Turkey.

This study questions the social relations behind the challenges that popular science magazines in Turkey have faced from their onset, by focusing on the peculiarities of different historical periods and prevailing relations of production. The history of popular science magazines from the Ottoman Empire to the present day is also the history of the transition from artisan-like relations of production to factory-like relations of production and more. In this long historical period, premodern social relations and market conditions come to the fore as the main source of the challenges these magazines face. In recent years, big capital's interest in popular science and the enthusiastic struggle of "zero capital" magazines on the other hand reveal two different sides of the picture. Similar challenges and divergent experiences across different periods indicate that popularizing science goes far beyond bringing science to lay people. This study shows that it is possible to trace a frustrated story of modernization, as well as economic and political turmoil, in these magazines' survival struggle in a country which has not been closely studied in this respect.

Role of social structure in establishment of an invasive large mammal after translocation.

BACKGROUND: Data on the movement behavior of translocated wild pigs is needed to develop appropriate response strategies for containing and eliminating new source populations following translocation events. We conducted experimental trials to compare the home range establishment and space-use metrics, including the number of days and distance traveled before becoming range residents, for wild pigs translocated with their social group and individually. RESULTS: We found wild pigs translocated with their social group made less extensive movements away from the release location and established a stable home range ~5 days faster than those translocated individually. We also examined how habitat quality impacted the home range sizes of translocated wild pigs and found wild pigs maintained larger ranges in areas with higher proportion of low-quality habitat. CONCLUSION: Collectively, our findings suggest translocations of invasive wild pigs have a greater probability of establishing a viable population near the release site when habitat quality is high and when released with members of their social unit compared to individuals moved independent of their social group or to low-quality habitat. However, all wild pigs translocated in our study made extensive movements from their release location, highlighting the potential for single translocation events of either individuals or groups to have far-reaching consequences within a much broader landscape beyond the location where they are released. These results highlight the challenges associated with containing populations in areas where illegal introduction of wild pigs occurs, and the need for rapid response once releases are identified. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Macaque progressions: passing order during single-file movements reflects the social structure of a wild stump-tailed macaque group.

Inferring the latent structures of social organisations is a central theme in animal ecology. Sophisticated theoretical frameworks underpin the study of various primate social systems. Single-file movements, defined as serially ordered patterns of animals, reflect intra-group social relationships and provide a key to understanding social structures. Here, we analysed automated camera-trapping data on the order of progression of single-file movements in a free-ranging group of stump-tailed macaques to estimate the social structure of the group. The sequence of single file movements showed some regularities, particularly for adult males. Social network analysis identified four community clusters (subgroups) corresponding to the social structures reported for these stumptailed macaques, i.e. males that had copulated more frequently with females were spatially clustered with females, but males that had copulated less frequently were spatially isolated from females. Our results suggest that stumptailed macaques move in regular, socially determined patterns that reflect the spatial positions of adult males and are related to the social organisation of the species.

Journal metrics, document network, and conceptual and social structures of the Korean Journal of Anesthesiology from 2017 to July 2022: a bibliometric study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify the directions of research published in the Korean Journal of Anesthesiology (KJA) and identify the main topics and journal network through a bibliometric analysis. The results can be reflected in strategies for the journal's promotion to a top-ranking journal in the anesthesiology category. METHODS: KJA articles from January 1, 2017 to September 11, 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection on September 11, 2022, and analyzed using Biblioshiny. Journal metrics, the document network, the conceptual structure, and social structures were elucidated. RESULTS: Out of 525 articles, fewer than half (48.6%) were from Korean corresponding authors. The impact factor steeply increased from 2.316 in 2019 to 5.167 in 2021. The Hirsch index of KJA was 24. A co-occurrence network of Keywords Plus showed four clusters of central keywords: surgery, management, anesthesia, and mortality. The conceptual structure map of Keywords Plus showed a main cluster of anesthesia and analgesia, while another minor cluster included intubation and induction. The co-citation network demonstrated that KJA was in the same cluster of anesthesiology journals. The collaboration network of the authors' countries showed that Korean authors collaborated mainly with researchers in the United States and Canada. CONCLUSIONS: These results show KJA's developmental process of promotion to a top-tier journal in the anesthesiology category. Furthermore, the following strategies are suggested for journal promotion: recruitment of articles on emerging and highly citable topics; and more active collaboration of society members with researchers worldwide.

Social structure and habitat design affect the impact of a novel feeding enrichment for alligators.

Providing enrichment that expands the range of behavioral opportunities associated with food acquisition and environmental exploration is an important contributing factor to the well-being of zoo animals. These behaviors can be difficult to promote in carnivores, given their foraging strategies and the logistical, ethical, and financial challenges of providing live prey. In this study, we introduced a novel feeding enrichment to Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens' five adult American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in an attempt to simulate a live prey organism within the exhibit and promote natural hunting behaviors like chasing and lunging, as well as increase daily activity levels. The enrichment promoted some behavioral goals for two of the alligators, but it did not promote behavioral goals for the other three alligators. This could have been due to a variety of factors including an existing dominance hierarchy amongst the group's females and the resulting spatial distribution of individuals across a habitat with only one water feature. Our results suggest that female alligators may carve out territories and avoid overlapping space usage with other females during the warmest months of the year. Given the outcomes and limitations of this enrichment strategy, we provide recommendations for this group specifically as well as future enrichment efforts in the general captive crocodilian population.

Grupo multifamiliar em transtornos alimentares durante a primeira onda da pandemia de covid-19: transição para a modalidade online / Multifamily group on eating disorders during the first wave of the covid-19 pandemic: transitioning to the online modality / Grupo multifamiliar de trastornos alimentarios durante la primera ola de la pandemia de la covid-19: transición a la modalidad en línea

As restrições impostas pela pandemia de covid-19 levaram os serviços de saúde a reorganizarem seu funcionamento, ajustando-se à modalidade remota. A transição repentina e sem o devido preparo técnico impôs desafios adicionais para usuários e profissionais. Para aprimorar as estratégias assistenciais, torna-se imprescindível dar voz aos usuários dos serviços, para que narrem suas experiências e possam manifestar suas facilidades e dificuldades com essa passagem. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar como os principais cuidadores familiares de pessoas com transtornos alimentares vivenciaram a transição do grupo de apoio para o formato remoto e identificar vantagens e desvantagens percebidas nesse modelo. Estudo clínico-qualitativo, exploratório, realizado em um serviço de atendimento especializado de um hospital terciário. O cenário investigado foi o grupo de apoio psicológico aberto a familiares que, desde o início da pandemia de covid-19, passou a ser oferecido na modalidade online. Participaram do estudo cinco mães e três pais presentes em 13 sessões grupais consecutivas. Entrevistas individuais foram aplicadas com a Técnica do Incidente Crítico logo após o término de cada encontro grupal, totalizando 26 entrevistas audiogravadas, transcritas e submetidas à análise temática. A transição para o online foi vivenciada pelos participantes como um recurso válido para permitir que o grupo funcionasse em tempos de grave crise sanitária. Como vantagens, foram mencionadas: a continuidade do cuidado, maior acessibilidade e facilidade em relação à logística da participação. Como limitações do formato online, foram destacadas: nem todos os familiares contam com conexão de internet de qualidade e possível dificuldade para manusear a tecnologia digital. Apesar dos desafios impostos pela súbita mudança para a modalidade online, na perspectiva dos usuários do serviço os esforços de adaptação foram bem-sucedidos, possibilitando a continuidade do cuidado à saúde mental.(AU)

The constraints imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic led health services to reorganize their operation, adjusting to the online modality. The sudden and unprepared technical transition has imposed additional challenges for both users and professionals. To improve care strategies, it is essential to give voice to services users, so that they can narrate their experiences and express their facilities and difficulties with this transition. This study aims to investigate how main family caregivers of people with eating disorders experienced the transition of the support group to the remote modality and to identify perceived advantages and disadvantages in this model. This is a clinical-qualitative, exploratory study carried out in a specialized care service of a tertiary hospital. The investigated setting was the psychological support group open to family members, which since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic has been offered online. Five mothers and three fathers who attended 13 consecutive group sessions participated in the study. Individual interviews were carried out with the Critical Incident Technique shortly after the end of each group meeting with all members, totaling 26 audio-recorded interviews. Data were subjected to thematic analysis. Transition was experienced as a valid resource to maintain the group active in times of a severe health crisis. As advantages of the remote modality were mentioned: continuity of care, greater accessibility, and ease in relation to the logistics of participation. As limitations of the online format were highlighted: not everyone has a good-quality connection to the internet, and difficulty in handling the digital technology. Despite the challenges imposed by the sudden shift to the online modality, from the service users' perspective the adaptation efforts were successful, enabling continuity of mental health care.(AU)

Las limitaciones que impuso la pandemia de la COVID-19 llevaron a los servicios sanitarios a reorganizar su funcionamiento adaptándose a la modalidad remota. El súbito cambio y sin la preparación técnica adecuada implicó retos adicionales a los usuarios y profesionales. Para mejorar las estrategias de atención es fundamental dar voz a los usuarios de los servicios, para que puedan narrar sus experiencias y expresar sus facilidades y dificultades con esta transición. Este estudio pretende investigar cómo han vivido los cuidadores de personas con trastornos alimentarios la transición del grupo de apoyo presencial al formato remoto e identificar las ventajas y desventajas percibidas en este modelo. Se trata de un estudio clínicocualitativo, exploratorio. El escenario investigado fue el grupo de apoyo psicológico abierto a los familiares en la modalidad en línea. Cinco madres y tres padres participaron en 13 sesiones de grupo consecutivas. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales con la técnica de incidentes críticos inmediatamente después de cada reunión del grupo, con un total de 26 entrevistas grabadas en audio, transcritas y sometidas a análisis temático. La transición a la red fue experimentada como un recurso válido para permitir que el grupo funcione en tiempos de crisis sanitaria grave. Las ventajas de la modalidad remota fueron conexión segura en tiempos de confinamiento físico, continuidad, mayor accesibilidad y facilidad en relación con la logística de la participación. Las limitaciones del formato en línea fueron la falta de una conexión de calidad a Internet y la posible dificultad de manejo de la tecnología digital. A pesar de las dificultades impuestas por el cambio repentino a la modalidad en línea, desde la perspectiva de los usuarios del servicio los esfuerzos de adaptación fueron un éxito, lo que permitió seguir con la atención de salud mental.(AU)

Análise da Política de Atenção Integral à Pessoa com Deficiência em uma capital da Região Nordeste do Brasil / Analysis of the Comprehensive Care Policy for Persons with Disabilities in a capital city in the Northeast Region of Brazil

Resumo Na cidade do Recife, a primeira formulação de uma política de saúde direcionada às pessoas com deficiência (PCD) ocorreu 14 anos após a publicação da Política Nacional. Nesse sentido, o artigo analisou o processo de formulação da Política Municipal de Atenção Integrada à Saúde da Pessoa com Deficiência da cidade do Recife em 2016. Por meio de um estudo de caso, foram estudados o contexto, atores, conteúdo e processo de formulação da política através da realização de análise documental e entrevistas com gestores, representantes do Conselho de Saúde e de entidades representativas da PCD. A Política estudada foi formulada em um macrocontexto de vulnerabilidade social acentuado pelo golpe de 2015 e por medidas severas de austeridade fiscal que têm impactado desproporcionalmente as PCD. No microcontexto, percebeu-se influência da área de Direitos Humanos, das eleições municipais e da epidemia da síndrome congênita pelo Zika vírus, que descortinou um vazio assistencial. Houve incipiente participação das PCD, que desconhecem seu conteúdo e pouco acompanham sua implementação. A participação social é fundamental para atender às necessidades das PCD, por isso, pode-se afirmar que é imperativo o estabelecimento de uma relação dialógica em torno da Política e dos desafios de sua implementação.

Abstract In the city of Recife, the first formulation of a health policy aimed at people with disabilities (PWD) took place 14 years after the publication of the National Policy. In this sense, the article has analyzed the process of formulating the Municipal Policy for Integrated Health Care for People with Disabilities in the city of Recife in 2016. Through a case study, the context, actors, content and process of policy formulation were studied through document analysis and interviews with managers, representatives of the Health Council and representative entities of PWD. The Policy studied was formulated in a macro context of social vulnerability accentuated by the 2015 coup and by severe fiscal austerity measures that have disproportionately impacted PWDs. In the micro context, the influence of the Human Rights area, municipal elections and the epidemic of the Congenital Syndrome by the Zika Virus was noticed, which revealed a care void. There was an incipient participation of PWDs, which are unaware of its content and rarely follow its implementation. Social participation is essential to meet the needs of PWDs, so it can be said that it is imperative to establish a dialogic relationship around the Policy and the challenges of its implementation.

Domestic violence against women in the brazilian media: study of social representations / Violencia doméstica contra las mujeres en los medios de comunicación brasileños: estudio de representaciones sociales / Violência doméstica contra as mulheres na mídia brasileira: estudo de representações sociais

This study examined the content published by the newspaper Folha de São Paulo regarding domestic violence before and after Law 11340/06, commonly known as Maria da Penha Law, came into force. A retrospective and comparative documentary research analyzed 3408 news reports published between 1994 and 2018. Divided into two corpora, '12 years before' and '12 years after' the Law, the material was analyzed using the IRaMuTeQ software and Descending Hierarchical Classification. The first corpus included news reports on cases involving celebrities and little about ordinary people. It also covered the feminist struggle to reduce domestic violence, focusing on specialized police stations and shelters. The second corpus included reports on the achievements generated by the Law and its challenges, pointing out the need to regard the law as more than a punitive instrument, addressing its preventive and care spheres. Problematizing how the media discloses such law is paramount, since the content divulged affects the construction of social representations.(AU)

Este artículo tuvo por objetivo identificar el contenido de la violencia doméstica transmitido en el periódico Folha de S. Paulo antes y después de la Ley 11.340/2006 (Ley Maria da Penha). La investigación fue de carácter documental retrospectivo y comparativa, realizada a partir de 3.408 noticias difundidas entre 1994 y 2018. El material se dividió en dos corpus: 12 años antes y 12 años después de la Ley, y se analizó con el software IRaMuTeQ. En el primer corpus, los medios informaron casos de celebridades y poco sobre la gente común. También abordaron la lucha feminista para reducir la violencia doméstica. Como no existe una legislación específica, la atención se centró en estaciones de policía especializadas y refugios. En el segundo corpus, se observaron los logros generados por la Ley y sus desafíos. Se identificó la necesidad de mirar la Ley desde un punto de vista no solo punitivo, sino también abordando las esferas preventivas y de asistencia. Se enfatiza la importancia de problematizar la difusión de la Ley en los medios, ya que los contenidos generalizados afectan la construcción de las representaciones sociales.(AU)

Este artigo pretende identificar o conteúdo sobre violência doméstica difundido no jornal Folha de S. Paulo antes e depois da Lei 11340/06 (Maria da Penha). A pesquisa foi documental, retrospectiva e comparativa; com 3408 reportagens entre 1994 e 2018. O material foi dividido em dois corpora: 12 anos antes e 12 anos depois da lei, e analisado com software IRaMuTeQ. No primeiro corpus, a mídia divulgava casos de celebridades e pouco acerca de pessoas do cotidiano. Também trouxe a luta feminista para diminuir a violência doméstica. Em virtude da então inexistência de uma legislação específica, os destaques eram as delegacias especializadas e as casas abrigo. No segundo corpus, observou-se as conquistas geradas pela lei e seus desafios. Identificou-se a necessidade de olhar para a lei por um viés não apenas punitivista, abordando as esferas preventivas e assistenciais. Destaca-se a importância de problematizar a difusão da lei na mídia, visto que os conteúdos perpassados afetam a construção de representações sociais.(AU)

Using passive sensor data to probe associations of social structure with changes in personality: A synthesis of network analysis and machine learning.

Social network analysis (SNA) is an increasingly popular and effective tool for modeling psychological phenomena. Through application to the personality literature, social networks, in conjunction with passive, non-invasive sensing technologies, have begun to offer powerful insight into personality state variability. Resultant constructions of social networks can be utilized alongside machine learning-based frameworks to uniquely model personality states. Accordingly, this work leverages data from a previously published study to combine passively collected wearable sensor information on face-to-face, workplace social interactions with ecological momentary assessments of personality state. Data from 54 individuals across six weeks was used to explore the relative importance of 26 unique structural and nodal social network features in predicting individual changes in each of the Big Five (5F) personality states. Changes in personality state were operationalized by calculating the weekly root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) in 5F state scores measured daily via self-report. Using only SNA-derived features from wearable sensor data, boosted tree-based machine learning models explained, on average, approximately 28-30% of the variance in individual personality state change. Model introspection implicated egocentric features as the most influential predictors across 5F-specific models, with network efficiency, constraint, and effective size measures among the most important. Feature importance profiles for each 5F model partially echoed previous empirical findings. Results support future efforts focusing on egocentric components of SNA and suggest particular investment in exploring efficiency measures to model personality fluctuations within the workplace setting.

Variation in communicative complexity in relation to social structure and organization in non-human primates.

Communicative complexity relates to social complexity, as individuals in more complex social systems either use more signals or more complex signals than individuals living in less complex ones. Taking the individual group member's perspective, here we examine communicative complexity in relation to social complexity, which arises from two components of social systems: social structure and social organization. We review the concepts of social relationships and social complexity and evaluate their implications for communicative and cognitive complexity using examples from primate species. We focus on spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), as their social organization is characterized by flexibility in grouping dynamics and they use a variety of communicative signals. We conclude that no simple relationship exists among social complexity, communicative complexity and cognitive complexity, with social complexity not necessarily implying cognitive complexity, and communicative and cognitive complexity being independently linked to social complexity. To better understand the commonly implied link between social complexity and cognitive complexity it is crucial to recognize the complementary role of communicative complexity. A more elaborated communicative toolkit provides the needed flexibility to deal with dynamic and multifaceted social relationships and high variation in fission-fusion dynamics. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates'.

Experimental disruption of social structure reveals totipotency in the orchid bee, Euglossa dilemma.

Eusociality has evolved multiple times across the insect phylogeny. Social insects with greater levels of social complexity tend to exhibit specialized castes with low levels of individual phenotypic plasticity. In contrast, species with simple social groups may consist of totipotent individuals that transition among behavioral and reproductive states. However, recent work has shown that in simple social groups, there can still be constraint on individual plasticity, caused by differences in maternal nourishment or social interaction. It is not well understood how these constraints arise, ultimately leading to the evolution of nonreproductive workers. Some species of orchid bees form social groups of a dominant and-one to two subordinate helpers where all individuals are reproductive. Females can also disperse to start their own nest as a solitary foundress, which includes a nonreproductive phase characterized by ovary inactivation, not typically expressed by subordinates. Little is known about individual flexibility across these trajectories. Here, using the orchid bee Euglossa dilemma, we assess the plasticity of subordinate helpers, finding that they are capable of the same behavioral, physiological, transcriptomic, and chemical changes seen in foundresses. Our results suggest that the lack of nonreproductive workers in E. dilemma is not due to a lack of subordinate plasticity.